Knowledge in electrical circuits is very important to student majoring in electrical engineering since it provides them not only in basics of electricity, but also the key concepts about the general system theory, as with most subjects in the field of engineering, the ultimate objective of the subject with the subject with the capability of designing electric circuit to meet given specifications as well as the ability of modeling and analyzing electric circuits.
Electromagnetic
coupling.
Electromagnetic coupling is also known as
“transformer action.” When current flows in an energized conductor, it produces
an electromagnetic field at right angles to the conductor. In AC power systems,
the electric current flowing in the conductor changes direction 120 times per
second for 60-Hz and 100 times per second to 50-Hz systems. Thus, the
electromagnetic field surrounding the energized conductor is constantly
expanding and contracting. But first let’s talk self, mutual inductance, to begin
our discussion of mutual inductance, we will recall two important laws:
Ampere's law and Faraday’s law. Ampere's law predicts that the flow of electric
current will create a magnetic field. If the field links an electric circuit,
and that field is time-varying, Faraday’s law predicts the creation of a
voltage within the linked circuit. Although this occurs to some extent in all
circuits, the effect is magnified in coils because the circuit geometry
amplifies the linkage effect. With these ideas in mind, consider the ideal
situation as shown fig.1 which a current i flows in an N-turn coil and produces
a magnetic field, represented by magnetic flux ϕ. The flux linkage for this
coil is
Figure 1
Let’s first know what
mutual induction: Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage
across a neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).
And inductance is
commonly called self-inductance, because it relates the voltage induced in a
coil by a time-varying current in the same coil.
Magnetic
coupling application.
Now let’s take about
the one of application in electrical filed of mutual inductance it transformers,
Transformer is a magnetic device that takes advantage of the phenomenon of
mutual inductance. As shown in figure.2, the coil that is
directly connected to the voltage source is called the primary winding. The
coil connected to the load is called the secondary winding. The resistances R1
and R2 are included to account for the losses (power dissipation) in the coils.
The transformer is said to be linear if the coils are wound on a magnetically
linear
Material—a material for
which the magnetic permeability is constant. Such materials include air,
plastic, Bakelite, and wood. In fact, most materials are magnetically linear.
Linear transformers are sometimes called air-core transformers, although not
all of them are necessarily air-core. They are used in radio and TV sets. Fig.3
portrays different types of transformers.
Figure
2
Figure 3
And an ideal transformer is one with perfect
coupling (k = 1): k is magnetic coefficient.
It consists of two (or more) coils with a large number of turns wound on a
common core of high permeability as shown fig .4 , Because of this high
permeability of the core, the flux links all the turns of both coils, thereby
resulting in a perfect coupling.
Figure
4
And to say that
transformer is an ideal transformer if it has the following properties:
1. Coils have very
large reactances (L1, L2, M →∞).
2. Coupling coefficient is equal to unity (k =
1).
3. Primary and secondary coils are lossless
(R1 = 0 = R2).
Iron-core transformers
are close approximations to ideal transformers. These are used in power systems
and electronics.
The vertical lines
between the coils indicate s shown figure .4 an iron core as distinct from the
air core used in linear transformers the primary winding has N1 turns; the
secondary winding has N2 turns. When
a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the primary winding as shown in Fig.4, the
same magnetic flux φ goes through both windings. According to Faraday’s law, the
voltage across the primary winding is v1 = N1 (dφ/ dt)…….1 while that across
the secondary winding is
v2 = N2 (dφ/ dt)……2
Dividing 1and 2, we get
v2 /v1 =N2/ N1 = n, where: n is turns ratio.
There was a type of transformer: step down,
step up voltage and autotransformer it is a transformer in which both the
primary and the secondary are in a single winding Fig.5 shows a typical
autotransformer.
Figure 5
The auto transformer can
operate in the step-down or step-up mode. The auto transformer is a type of
power transformer. Its major advantage over the two-winding transformer is its
ability to transfer larger apparent power it is one important electrical devise.
And another type of transformer 3 phase transformer we can construct it from 3
single phase transformer.
إرسال تعليق